The contemporary issue of technology Essay Example for Free

The contemporary issuance of engine room EssayBuddhism is an ever-growing religion with close to 350 million adherents human beingswide, prominently found in Thailand, Indo-China, Burma, and Sri Lanka1. The word Buddhism comes from Budhi which literally means to awaken. This fundamentally makes up the basis for the printing clay as it originated when Siddhartha Gautama, an Indian prince commonly known as Buddha, was himself awakened during his lifetime. It is every adherents goal in life to reach this same state of enlightenment, or nirvana. non only is Buddhism a religion, it is often a way of life for many Buddhistics2. Buddhism is a traditionalistic religion containing aspects that stay put everlasting everyplace time still is also highly adaptable and advances with current global progressions and issues. Many aspects of the belief system represent feelings of continuity and change including gender roles, sacred places and scripts and the contemporary issue of t echnology.Buddhism has been subject to both aspects of continuity and change al almost from the time the religion originated. This was clearly highlighted in the role and acceptance of dissent in the belief system in 383BC. This was after Buddhas death in a time known as the Second Council where a large change overstepred and the significant demote into two variants of the religion occurred. This was due to arising conflicting interpretations of Buddhas teachings and the meaning behind them. The Buddhist movement divided into the Theravada (Teaching of the Elders), also known as Hinayana (small vessel), and the Mahayana (large vessel) movements.This division essentially arose from disagreements over matters of send and doctrine. The most significant different between the two variants is the belief of the Theravadans that Buddha is a fully enlightened human teacher whilst the Mahayanas create a transcendental view of him. The Mahayana concept welcomes the idea of worship of a div ine grace rather than the attainment of enlightenment through practice3. As headspring as this, in that location is also the slightly smaller Vajrayana variant, most prominent in Tibet. This variant is known as Tantric Buddhism, referring to the application of Buddhas teachings in regards to unique explanations and speculation techniques used by Vajrayana Buddhists4.Gender roles in Buddhism rich person been subject to much change over time. At the time Buddha lived, women were placed in a domestic sphere, essentially denying them of authoritative positions. Women were expected to c atomic number 18 for the family and men to provide for the family5. Siddhartha himself was not always accepting of women entering the monastery. His attitude solely changed when his close-hauled disciple, Ananda, used the traditional Buddhist value of impermanence as a way to demonstrate how the position of women at the time should not needfully remain this way. From this resulted the allowance of wo men into the sangha through acculturation.Despite the ordination of women into the sangha as well as the Buddhist belief that both males and females are equal is however not necessarily the case in practice6. For example, In Theravada, a conscious effort is made to follow the Buddhas lifestyle as closely as possible as adumbrate in Vinaya7. However, this can be viewed as merely a matter of culture. In many Buddhist communities it is often normal for a man to have more than(prenominal) authority over a woman.This was the restraint women felt for a long time until recent westernisation and modernisation. Through globalisation and the emergence of Buddhism into western nations, the berth of women is now changing in many countries, even traditionally Buddhist ones. There is an acceptance that western women are no longer subservient as well as the equal address of both genders in recent teachings and books8. Western women have even had the ability to influence powerful figures includ ing the Dalai Lama to concentrate womens spiritual practice and leadership9.Gender roles in Buddhism are quite obviously changing over time, at a slow but unswerving pace. In a world where gender stereotypes are slowly but surely becoming a thing of the past, women Buddhists, from westernised countries or not, will become more aware of the patriarchal society they live in and inevitably push for equal gender status.Although, one aspect that may pose a blow to equal gender status is the fact that nuns must still serve the monks and cannot run services and have different roles in the monastery10. Although this slightly traditional notion continues, Buddhist communities are consciously making an effort to live out the Buddhist teaching that says both women and men are equal. In the Vajrayana variant there are many female Buddhas and bodhisattva including Green Tara, Kuan Yin and prajnaparamita who represents the mother of all Buddhas as she is the anicca11. As well as this, the rapi d increase of the religion, most notably in Australia, will undoubtedly create an incline in discussion of gender issues as it is a nation based on equality and multiculturalism.Buddhist sacred places and scripts are a highly traditional and continual aspect of the religion. Despite the split into separate variants of Buddhism, the message of Buddha remains the same for all. Initially the teachings of Buddha were passed dash off through oral tradition although as time progressed the four major councils formed the sangha and dharma consistent in practice and doctrine and had them form a scripted canon, the Tipitaka12. This text has not changed in any way since 250BCE and continues to be the foundation of all Buddhist communities. This is one of only a few things that have remained constant despite divergence and change within the religion. As time progressed, the Mahayana variant also created sacred texts, usually attributed to bodhisattva.These texts held a great amount of authorit y as they were held in likeness to the words of Buddha himself. These texts are an essential part of Buddhism as they are used in important activities and rituals that remain constant with tradition over time. The main story in the Buddhist tradition is the legend of the Buddhas life and his search for enlightenment. This places high sacred significance on the location of Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi steer found there, where it is said Siddhartha found enlightenment and became Buddha. There are also many types of Buddhist shrines or temples visited by both monks/nuns and lay people for meditation and ritualistic purposes. Shrines often contain symbolic objects, helping one to keep in mind the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path13.The invariable nature of the sacred texts and places visited can be expected to remain so in the near and distant future. In Australia Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrana all assume the traditional practice and observation of the sacred texts and places . Being a western culture, this is highly significant as it is the one aspect of the religion that remains constant and traditional in a diverse culture. This is also the case with other western nations as well as the traditional Buddhist locations.Contemporary issues have arisen relatively belatedly within Buddhism with the continual advancement of technology in todays society. Due to Buddhisms highly adaptable nature, it is becoming more welcoming of the worlds technological advances. Global communications much(prenominal) as the internet are now allowing for readily available and easily accessible information including Buddhist sacred texts. This allows for people from around the globe being able to access and translate texts at their own ease and from the comfort of their own home. Buddhists view technology in a varied light14.On one hand, the consumption of technology causes problems geared to feeding greed, hatred, and delusion. On the other hand, constructive technology is beginning to be adapted to, within the constraints of three principles technology which is moderate, technology which is used for creating benefit and technology which serves to develop understanding and improve the human being15. Essentially, the basic traditional principles of Buddhism are maintained through the safe, beneficial and constructive implementation and use of modern equipment.Technology is inevitably an ever-growing facet of todays society. Buddhism is learning to adapt to such changes. As Buddhists accept technology that does not harm sentient beings, it is having a significant influence in the western world. Buddhism is now the fastest growing religion in Australia. From 1991-2006 there was a 109.6% increase in adherents in Australia, making up 2.1% of the total population16.Much of this is reliant on the introduction of technology in Buddhism resulting in bringing people together through the communication devices such as the internet. Not only is this affecting Aust ralians, it is evident throughout the world. As Buddhism is introducing more technology into their practices, information is readily accessible to millions of people worldwide. This allows for a greater knowledge and acceptance of Buddhism and so expansion of the religion will inevitably occur on a large scale. Buddhism is now ranked the fourth largest belief system in the world and will undoubtedly continue to rise.In summation, Buddhism is embarking on a continual journey of adaptation to changing cultures and climates. With this comes the continuation of traditional aspects as well as applying these in ways to suit the consensus of different cultures, most notably western. Many influencing factors attribute to the continuity and change of Buddhism including gender roles, sacred places and scripts and contemporary issues. Each of these play a fundamental role in underpinning the belief system in contemporary society and the religion will inevitability continue to change given its highly adaptable nature.________________1 Buddhanet, 2012, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., global, http//www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/ account statement/bud_statwrld.htm2 Buddhanet, 2012, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., global, http//www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/5minbud.htm3 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope stack 79, April 20064 Vajrayana Institute, 2012, Vajrayana Buddhism, Australia, http//www.vajrayana.com.au/index.php?option=com_contentview=categorylayout=blogid=56Itemid=815 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope Volume 79, April 20066 TSC instruction, 2012, TSC Learning Inc., Australia, http//www.tsclearning.catholic.edu.au/groups/societyculture/weblog/2953c/Belief_System__Buddhism__Gender_Roles.html7 Buddhanet, 2012, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., global, http//www.buddhanet.net/ftp07.htm8 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope Volume 79, April 20069 Buddhanet, 2012, Buddha Dharma Education Ass ociation Inc., global, Buddhanet.com10 Enabling Organisation, 2012, BSQ Tracts on Buddhism No.7, http//www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/D/DeSilva/WomenInBuddhism/womenInBuddhismSwarnaDeSilva.html11 Vajrayana Institute, 2012, Vajrayana Buddhism, Australia, http//www.vajrayana.com.au/index.php?option=com_contentview=categorylayout=blogid=56Itemid=8112 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope Volume 79, April 200613 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope Volume 79, April 200614 Buddhisms Impact and Appeal in the West, Culturescope Volume 79, April 200615 Buddhanet, 2012, Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., global, Buddhanet.com16 Buddhism Australia, 2012, Census date from ABS, Australia, http//www.buddhismaustralia.org/census2001.htm

The problem of Gun control in America

The problem of Gun hold in in AmericaThis is an ever growing problem of violence faces Ameri potfuls. The streets argon becoming a battleground where single(a)s are been beaten for their belongings, women are terrified and viciously attacked and raped, teenage gangsters are snapshot it out for a patch of territories to sell their illegal drugs, and innocent children are been caught every day in the crossfire of drive by shootings which end up in seriously injured or die. Society dismiss non look the other way and ignore the damage that these criminals do to the society, and bulk must take appropriate actions to try out to stop these horrors. This paper will analyze different aspect of this problem the nation is facing.Gun control may be called the acid test of liberalism. whole liberals who call or think themselves as the true one must favor stricter gun controls. After all, does the unite States of America have the closely severely armed population on the earth? Is the Un ited States of America the worlds most violent people? Surely, these facts must be at least casually connected. wherefore the apparently desperate need to do something closely the vast quantity of firearms and firearms abuse is a major concern.Guns are been used in an enormous subroutine of crimes in this country. In other places in the world with stricter gun police forces, gun crimes are rare. Many of the firearms or weapons involved in crime are tacky handguns, and some duration called Saturday night specials for which there is no legitimate use or need.The mankind is deeply concerned on the issue of gun control anti-gun control activists believe or think that it is each and every Americans individual advanced to bear arms. The assist Amendment to the Constitution proves that the people have a choice to possess weapons. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a take over State, and it is the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be i nfringed.Advocates of gun control state that even with multiple gun control laws already in existence, the serious problems are due to firearm misuse each and every day. Furthermore, the controls that have been knowing have not been sufficiently effective or progress. Therefore, those who favor gun controllers argue, we need more uniform into the legislation, more extensive gun controls, and effective executement. motley pro-gun control organizations argue on methods of gun control needed. For more examples, there are individuals who would ban all weapons as well as those who take a less radical stand and who would simply increase the controls on firearms. The moderate gun control individuals or groups propose measures such(prenominal) as requiring an individual to successfully complete weapons safety course before being allowed to possess a gun or the individuals have to wait for a mandatory menses of time before taking possession of a gun.Today, there maybe over more 20,000 dif ferent gun control laws in existence, ranging from those enacted by counties and states, and to those enacted by the federal official government. When gun control is ineffective and tougher sentencing of criminals or offenders and stricter parole policies should do far more to combat crime.Statistics prove that Canada has less violent than the United States. Fewer weapons are moreover class of the story. The inner city slums of the United States of America are murderous, and bombed out looking places. When Americans visit Canadas big cities, they often ask where the bad individuals are. The purpose usually is, there really arent any slums, because the miss of violence there reflects it.According to the Economist magazine, blacks are 12% of the United States population, and account for 48% of murders, in the main because the inner city blacks are killing one another. Most of these guns were not purchased from retail gun stores. Gun laws will not keep guns out of these ghettos (T he Economist, 1993). star of the founding fathers included Second Amendment from the Constitution, because it was made very aware of the fact that there might once again come a time when American citizens would have to fight for their freedom.Of course guns fall in the wrong detainment or hands of criminals are harmful. But taking away guns from honest individuals or law abiding citizens do nothing to solve the problem of those who would misuse guns. Criminals will always have guns or find ways to get them, whether we accept it or not. Even in other countries where guns are completely illegal, criminals will simply manufacture or smuggle weapons. The Soviet Army was unable to successfully impose gun control on the small country of Afghanistan. In the United States of America today, criminals import weapons (guns) that law abiding citizens are banned from possessing.What would authorize if a nation with guns in every household? The nation is Switzerland. The Swiss does not have to fight a foreign war for over hundreds of years (the last fight in Switzerland was a one month affair in 1847), and their crimes rate is among the lowest in the world. The United States of America can solely envy their record.To carry a firearm in the state of California, it requires a permit commonly called Carry Concealed Weapons. CCWs are issued by the discretion of the capitulum of police of a city of the County, or a sheriff of the County, where the applicants live. As long as the applicants or individuals passes the background check provided by California Department of justness (DOJ), and a chief of police or a sheriff may issue permit to applicants.In California where Carrying Concealed Weapons permits are obtainable, some studies reveal that the following(a) when more individuals were armed, the crime rates dropped down proportionally. It is not a surprise that when more citizens are armed there is less crimes. The examples from California and Switzerland were evidence to the fact. around freedoms have already been lost in this country can we afford to lose more? With many another(prenominal) firearms regulations are now in the books, we do not need more gun control laws. We need to start enforcing the laws that we have now.The government put in place many gun control laws, except some of the laws were made to make the public feel safer. For instance the government has banned some assault rifles, further they were not even used for most gun related crimes. The government passed another law called the Bradey Law. The Bradey Law allows five day wait on the purchase of a handgun so a check can be done on the persons background.None of these laws come out to decrease the amount of deaths caused by hand guns. The media play part in more laws being applied against guns and ammos. The media also helped to have bullets that may penetrate bulletproof armor get banned, merely the bullets were made especially for law enforcement and licensed dealers. All of these laws should be made unconstitutional because it goes against individuals right to bear arms. They should find some other ways to deal with gun related crimes and violence.The United States of America was founded by people who believe that owning guns are to protect what they think is right. The constitution gives everyone the right to bear arms and protect themselves. Laws against guns should be unconstitutional but the laws were made because it is what some individuals want.The ban on assault rifles was in effect in the May of 1994. Many assault style weapons and broad categories encompassing many more semiautomatic firearms were among that were banned. Some weapons were banned, and were only used for three percent of all gun related crimes in 1993. Most of the crimes include murders were committed with handguns. The only reason for making to set these laws was to make the people feel good and safe.The reason for many to wait on obtain is to make sure no criminals or ment ally disturbed individuals can buy guns. Did anybody really think that solve any of the problems? Many do not think so. The law prevented about 45 thousand individuals from getting guns. This number does not even compare to the number of deaths caused by guns. If the government really wants to stop the amount of killings, they would have to enforce gun education and enforce stricter punishment on murders.The media continue to play hugh part in gun control. If the news reported something was bad or wrong, people would always take their side and views. Rhino Bullets were banned also because of the media. What many individuals did not hear or understand was that they were for law enforcement officers and licensed dealers only. The bullets were banned because of lack of information. Society is the one who suffers because most people got the wrong image about the Rhino Bullets.When individuals are dealing with the interpretation of the Constitution, there are many views they can take. Th ey can view the Constitution as a living document or in its original understanding. The main understanding that people are point by is what the Framers of the Constitution had in mind when they created them. The Constitution may also be viewed as a living document, in which the interpretation should be surveyed in light of todays social and politics environments. Bill Clede ideas seem to be guild by the idea of the Constitution being a living document.When the Second Amendment was written, it already had a major impact on this country because state and national governments were unable, and were lacked the power to protect the people. The Amendment gave the power to the people to have guns for protection. As Mr. Clede points out, it was not the captive or purpose of the Amendment to give unlimited rights to the people. Many do not believe that the people are responsible enough to have the unlimited rights they seem to have under the second amendment. Clede stated that does not mean that the government can constitutionally prohibit all weapons, but it probably meant that the government can reasonably regulated and limit their use. Many individuals agreed with Cledes point. The nature of the Constitution is very vague. The second amendment stated that a well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of Free States, the right of the individuals to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The Constitution never defined or gives examples of what a well-regulated militia is or types of weapons deemed reasonable for protection. It should be left(p) to congress, or more importantly the Supreme Court to interrupt this vague language. Many individuals think that the government could reasonable regulate guns, without compromising the second amendment, but like Clede, some believe congress should concentrate more on who is using the guns and not guns themselves.Patrick Henry felt that all of us should preserve our public liberties, and if need be by force. P atrick Henry stated that the great objective is that, every man be armed. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams also had the same views as Patrick Henry that every man should have the right to own weapons (guns) for private self-defense. Our forefathers felt that it was very important for people to bear arms for protection of property, life, or limb. When they created a document that protected these rights, this seems to be evident because to right to bear arms is in the Second Amendment. Once again, this issue must be raised, and the forefathers promise a time when this freedom that they embraced would not cause such wide-spread crime in the country. Individuals asked how can they maintain their individual rights, and yet get the guns out of the hands of convicted felons, drug addicts, and people who are mentally impaired from owning guns as Clede described. Many self-respect gun owners are in favor of a waiting period before the purchasing of any type of gun. Clede has clearly taken th e stand of some type of tighter control on the sale of weapons, but without touching the Second Amendment.A major problem that has been addressed in Cledes statement is that no matter what changes, the element in this country will always be, any individual be able to obtain guns. Perhaps individuals should take a closer look at the manufacture of guns and why they are manufactured in such abundance when the numbers of guns already surpass the population of this country. Although state and federal laws forbid the ownership of automatic weapons, but they can easily be obtained for the right price, and always to the criminals in our society. These are the problems that should be made aware of, not the outright banning of guns.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Biometrics

Advantages and Disadvantages of biostatisticsABSTRACTOrganisations eat goals and therefore acquire assets to ensure these goals be met and the doggedness guaranteed. Financial sector while trying to promote convenient methods much(prenominal) as online banking and use of ATM for their customers to retrieve their m iodiny strives to ensure completely the safe psyche has accessway to the account. Also, military and case security run store high sensitive and critical information that must unaccompanied be accessed by specific individual thereby deploying security measures to keep this tradition. However, achieving these goals largely depends on securing and autocratic the assets as documented which means only authorised individuals hit access to these environments and eventually the assets.Sequel to the importance of access control, different security techniques shoot been deployed to safeguard these assets which ranges from PINs and passwords, ID cards, smart card es t. Vulnerabilities to these methods hand over lead to the recent surge in biometry patience as umteen believe this is the future. Reasons much(prenominal) that the fleshly presence of the authorized individual is needed at the point of access and also, the position that it is unique and almost im possible to duplicate emphasis the eudaemonia of biometry and explain its glooming popularity.However like any separatewise security methods, biometry has limitations and threats which post impact its effectiveness and efficiency. It is non suitable for every coat and butt joint be a very wrong choice for certain employments. Therefore, it is internal to manage these limitations and threats properly to enhance the achievement incidentor of biostatistics. Finally, it is important for any sector deploying biometrics to understand the conf employ issues associated with biometrics such as concealing, banners and what the correctlylyeousness leads of biometrics.CHAPTE R ONEINTRODUCTIONOrganizations strive to secure their assets and provide means of arrogant access to these assets. This process brings identification and authorization to ensure the ripe(p) person is accessing the right asset. Over the years, traditional methods of authentication, mainly passwords and personal identification numbers (PINs) reserve been popularly utilise. Recently, swipe card and PINs submit been deployed for to a greater extent(prenominal) security since sensation is something you have and the latter something you know. However, these methods still have vulnerabilities as swipe card can be stolen. Also, bad management of passwords has left mountain writing them on written reports and desks or simply choosing easy and general words for quick remembrance which expose the password to intruders. More recently, stronger identification and authorization technologies that can assure a person is who he claims to be be becoming prominent and biometrics can be cla ssified to this category.Biometric technology makes use of a persons physio rational or behavioral characteristics in identification. Every human beness is unique in nature and possesses tangible parts completely different from any other person. The kinsfolk 11, 2001 terrorist attack did not help security concerns as governments and organizations all around the world especially the b ordinate security agencies have greatly embraced this human citation technology. As both private and public entities continue to search for a more than than reliable identification and authentication methods, biometrics has been the choice and considered the future.WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?biometry refers to the automatic identifications of a person appoint on his or her physio tenacious or behavioral characteristics (Chirillo and Blaul 2003, p. 2). It is an authorization method that verifies or identifies a substance ab user establish on what they atomic number 18 before authorizing access. The sea rch for a more reliable authorization method to secure assets has lead to the revelation of biometrics and legion(predicate) organizations have shown interest in the technology.Two main types of biometrics have been used mainly corporal and behavioral. A carnal biometrics is a part of a persons body while, a behavioral biometric is something that a person does (Lockie 2002, p. 8). He added that although there are some more unusual biometrics which may be used in the future, including a persons unique smell, the shape of their ear or even the way they talk, the main biometrics being measured include fingerprints, hand geometry, retina scan, fleur-de-lis scan, facial location or knowledge (all corporeal), voice recognition, signature, keystroke pattern and gait (Behavioral). However, it has been argued by Liu and Silverman (2001) that different applications require different biometrics as there is no supreme or best biometric technology.HISTORY OF BIOMETRICSAccording to Chirill o and Blaul (2003, p. 3) the term biometrics is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). China is among the first known to hold biometrics back in the fourteenth century as reported by the Portuguese historian Joao de Barros. It was called member-printing where the childrens palms as well as the footprints were stamped on vernalspaper publisher with ink to identify each baby. Alphonse Bertillon, a Paris based anthropologist and police desk clerk was trying to find a way of identifying convicts in the 1890s indomitable to look on biometrics. He came up with measuring body lengths and was relevant till it was proved to be prone to error as many pack shared the same measurement. The police started using fingerprinting developed based on the Chinese methods used century before by Richard Edward Henry, who was working at the Scotland Yard.Raina, Orlans and Woodward (2003, p. 25-26) stated references to biometrics as a concept could be traced back to over a t housand years in East Asia where potters placed their fingerprints on their wares as an early form of brand identity. They also pointed Egypts Nile Valley where traders were formally identified based on tangible characteristics such as eye color, tint and also height. The information were used by merchant to identify trusted traders whom they had successfully transacted business with in the past. Kapil et al also made references to the Bible, first pointing to the religious belief Gileadites had in their biometric system as reported in The Book of Judges (125-6) that the men of Gilead identified enemy in their midst by making venture Ephraimites say Shibboleth for they could not pronounce it right. The second reference is to The Book of Genesis (2711-28) where Jacob pretended to be Esau by putting goat skins on his pass on and back of his neck so his skin would feel hairy to his blind, aged fathers touch. This illustrates a case of biometric spoofing and false acceptance. They finally wrote biometrics as a commercial, recent technology has been around since the early 1970s when the first commercially available device was brought to market (p. 26).HOW BIOMETRICS SYSTEMS WORKA biometric system is of the essence(p)ly a pattern-recognition system that makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristics possessed by the user (Blaul 2003, p.3). biometry has so far been developed to work in two ways mainly verification and identification.Verification systems are designed to give repartee to the question, Am I who I claim to be? by requiring that a user claim an identity in prescribe for a biometric comparison to be performed. The user provides information, which is then compared to his or her enrolled biometric selective information. Identification systems gives say to the question, who am I? and do not require a user to claim an identity as the provided biometric data is compared to da ta from a number of users to find a match (Nanavati 2002, p. 12).An illustration of a scenario using an identifying biometrics system is given below and therefrom gives an answer to the question Who am I?In October 1998 in the United Kingdom, Newham Council introduced face recognition software to 12 town centre cameras with the sole aspire of decreasing route robbery. Images are compared against a police database of over 100 convicted way robbers known to be active in the previous 12 weeks. In August 2001, 527,000 separate faces were detected and operators confirmed 90 matches against the database. Where a face is not identified with any in the database, the image is deleted if a match is prepare a human operator checks the result. The introduction of face recognition technology to Newham city centre saw a 34% decrease in street robbery. The system has not led directly to any arrests, which suggests that its effect is largely imputable to the deterrence/displacement of crime. Th e face recognition system has been liberally publicize by the council and 93% of residents support its introduction (Postnote Nov 2001, p. 1).The case study below illustrates a verifying biometrics system and supply answers to the question Am I who I claim to be?The US Immigration and Naturalization Service Passenger Accelerated Service System (INSPASS) has been introduced at eight airports in order to provide a quick immigration processing for authorised frequent flyers entering the US and Canada. On arrival at an airport, a traveller inserts a card that carries a record of their hand geometry into the INSPASS kiosk and places their hand on a biometric reader. A computer cross-references the information stored on the card at alteration with the live hand geometry scan. The complete process takes slight than 30 seconds. If the scans match, the traveller can proceed to customs if not, travellers are referred to an Immigration Inspector. There are more than 45,000 active INSPASS u sers with, on average, 20,000 automated immigration inspections conducted each month (Postnote Nov 2001, p. 1).Verifying system is often referred to as a one-to-one process and generally takes little processing time compared to the identifying systems. This is delinquent to the situation that in identifying systems, a user is compared to all users in the database (one-to-many). Verifying systems are also more accurate since they only have to match a users data against his or her stored data and do not need hundreds, thousands or even millions of comparisons like the identifying systems. However, it is important for an organization to learn the type appropriate for the applications.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe investigate methodology designed for this dissertation is mainly the qualitative approach. A quantitative approach has been overlooked due to limited time as designing surveys, distribution take time and response time could not be predicted. Therefore, my effort will be strong on critically reviewing previous literatures in order to acquire an overview of, and intakes on the topic. For more details, Journals, Books, Publications, Documentaries and previous dissertations related to the topic will be reviewed, compared and analyzed. The objectives will be achieved by purely reviewing literatures and previous look intoes and the literatures critically analyzed by comparing information obtained from different sources. Findings, recommendations and conclusions will be made from the analysis.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe aim of this investigate is to critically analyse biometric security as an emerging and booming manu pointuring by examining the positives and negatives and providing ways of improving the method effectively and most importantly efficiently. Since biometrics applies to many applications, access control will be the main focus of this dessertation. Also, issues such as privateness, justices governing biometrics and measures will be examined.The main objectives of this research areTo review biometric security and issues related to it.To evaluate the threats, advantages and disadvantages of biometrics.To propose ways of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of biometrics from previous researches.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE polish upThis chapter is aimed at critically reviewing and analysis of numerous works of researchers in the area of biometrics, threats to biometrics, advantages and disadvantages and ways of improving biometrics efficiency in access control. The effect of privateness (human rights) and the need to conform to biometrics banners will also be examined and reviewed.DEFINITION OF BIOMETRICSAccording to Jain, Ross and Pankanti (2006, p. 125), one great concern in our vastly merged society is establishing identity. Systems need to know Is he who he claims he is, Is she authorized to use this resource? or simply who is this?Therefore, a widely range of systems require reliable personal recognition schemes to eit her verify or identify of an individual seeking access to their run. The plan of that scheme is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed by only the authorized and not any intruder or imposer (Ross 2004, p. 1).Biometric recognition, or simply biometrics, refers to the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological and, or behavioral characteristics (Jain, 2004 p. 1).Woodward (2003, p. 27) cited biometric industry guru Ben Millers 1987 biometric definition Biometric technologies are automated methods of verifying or recognizing the identity of a living person based on a physical or behavioral characteristic.Shoniregun and Crosier (2008, p. 10) provided several definitions of biometrics which includeBiometrics is the development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biologic light.Biometrics = identification/verification of persons based on the unique physiological or behavioral features of humans.Biometrics is the measurement and matching of biologic characteristics such as fingerprint images, hand geometry, facial recognition, etc.Biometrics is strongly linked to a stored identity to the physical person.Nevertheless the several(a) definitions, it can be seen that the skill of biometrics is based on the fact that no two multitude are the same and this has a significant influence on its dependableness and success factor.THE BIOMETRICS INDUSTRYAccording to Lockie (2002, p. 10), the biometric industry did not really get established until the middle of the twentieth century. The researchers at that particular time were investigating whether various human parts and characteristics, such as the pin or the voice, could be used to identify an individual. This was made public by publishing document and as a considerable number of these strands of research began to form a piece, the biometrics industry as we know it these days was established.As organization search for more secure authen tication methods for user access, e-commerce, and other security applications, biometrics is gaining increasing attention (Liu 2001, p.27).Higgins, Orlan and Woodward (2003, p. xxiii ), emphasized that even though biometrics have not become an essential part of all systems requiring controlled access, the emerging industry has come a long way from its advanced founding in 1972 with the installation of a commercial finger measurement device on Wall Street. He made reference to the highly respected MIT Technology Review called biometrics one of the top ten emerging technologies that will change the world.The growth in biometric industries is reflected in the numbers. The trio cited Rick Noton, the executive director of the International Biometric Industry knowledge (IBIA), who reported in the Biometrics 2002 Conference in London, United Kingdom, that the industrys trade association has indicated the surge in biometric revenues over recent years. From $20 million in 1996, it has inc reased to $200 million in 2001 and Norton believes they will increase as the years pass on significantly in 5 years time.Also, a forecast made by the International Biometric Group (IBG), which is a biometric consulting and integration firm located in New York City, estimate that biometric revenues totaled $399 million in 2000 and will increase to $1.9 billion by 2005. Both IBIA and IBG believe that the private sector will be responsible for much of the growth. These give evidence of the relevancy of biometrics in organizations in raw times.BIOMETRICS AND ACCESS CONTROLOver the years, biometrics has evolved quickly and many vertical markets such as governments, transport, pecuniary sectors, security, public justice and safety, healthcare and many more have adopted biometrics. Due to this wide range of users, biometrics has been deployed to many applications.Biometrics has been of high eudaimonia to organization as they seek a reliable security method to safeguard assets. Fully u nderstanding how biometrics work, it can be said that the net aim of applying biometrics in the vertical markets listed above is to control access to a resource irrespective of the system used whether a verifying or an identifying processIt has been stated by S. Nanavati, Thieme and R. Nanavati (2002, p. 14), that biometric systems are deployed for two primary purposes which are physical and logical access.LOGICAL VERSUS PHYSICAL ACCESSPhysical access systems monitors, restricts, or grant movement of a person or object into or out of a specific area (Thieme 2002, p. 14). This could be implemented to control entre into rooms or even the main building. Popular examples are control towers, bank vaults, server rooms and many other sensitive rooms requiring controlled access. In physical access, biometrics replaces the use of keys, PIN codes access cards and security guards although any of these could be combined with biometrics as a complementation. Common physical access application is time and attendance.Thieme also gave a definition of logical access systems as one that monitor, restrict or grant access to data or information listing examples such as logging into a PC, accessing data stored on a network, accessing an account, or authenticating a transaction. In this case, biometrics replaces and can be designed to complement PINs, passwords and also tokens.Basic biometric functionality precisely acquiring and comparing of biometric data is often identical in both physical and logical systems. For example, the same iris scan data can be used for both doorway and desktop applications. Thieme explained that the only difference between the two is the orthogonal system into which the biometric functionality is integrated. The biometric functionality is integrated into a larger system. This applies for both physical and logical access system and actions such as access to any desktop application or access to a room via a doorway are effected by a biometric match.Ho wever, not every system can be classified as physical or logical access as the end result does not indicate access to data or a physical location and the result therefore may be to investigate more. An ATM secured by biometrics allows access to money, a physical entity. This is made possible by allowing the user logical access to his or her data. In the example above, the application is even difficult to classify as either physical or logical.Thieme (2002, p. 15) suggested that the distinction between physical and logical access systems is a valuable tool in understanding biometric. He noted that key criteria such accuracy, disengagement procedures, retirement requirements, costs, response time and complexity of integration all vary effectively when moving from logical to physical access.WHAT ARE BIOMETRIC STANDARDSStapleton (2003, p. 167) defined a type in a general term as a published document, developed by a recognized authority, which defines a set of policies and expends, t echnical or security requirements, techniques or mechanisms, or describes some other abstract concept or model. The growth of the biometric industry has been relatively slowed by the absence of industry wide standards and this has also impeded various types of biometric deployment. Nanavati (2002, p. 277) stated that the relative youth of the technology in use, coupled with the disunified nature of the industry, has impacted the developments of standards resulting in a sporadic and much redundant standards. Nanavati also noted that the live-scan fingerprint imaging is the only segment of biometric industry with widely sure and adopted standards. Due to this absence of biometric standards, some institutions have been concerned of being tied into technologies they actually believed as not mature or even developmental.However in an effort to actively address the standards issue, the biometric industry has finalized some blueprints and the process of getting industries to accept these standards is ongoingWHY IS STANDARDIZATION NECESSARY?The high rate of biometric development and speedy growth in acceptance of biometric technologies in recent years has resulted in ever-increasing levels of what is expected in terms of accuracy, adaptability, and reliability in an ever-wider range of applications. Due to the toleration of biometric technologies in large-scale national and international applications, involving a potentially unlimited range of stakeholders, Farzin Deravi (2008, p. 483) stated that it has become essential to address these expectations by ensuring agreed common frameworks for implementation and military rating of biometric technologies with standardization activities.Majority of biometric systems, including both the hardware and software are made and sold by the owner of the patent at this stage in their development. They are being proprietary in numerous aspects including the vogue in which biometric devices and systems as a whole communicate wi th applications, the method of extracting features from a biometric sample, and among many more, the method of storing and retrieving biometric data. This resulted in many companies in most cases, being wedded to a particular technology, once they agree to implement that particular technology. Nanavati (2002, p. 278) stated that in order to make up a raw technology, the companies are essential to rebuild their system from scratch upward, and in some cases duplicating much of the deployment effort.Deravi (2008 p. 483) noted that the need for interoperability of biometric systems across national boundaries has implied a rapid escalation of standardization efforts to the international arena, stating that the sense of urgency for the need for standardization has been the priority of internal security concerns.The industry wide or universal bankers acceptance of biometric standard will not make biometric technology interoperable at least, to the state where an old device can be repl aced by a radical device without rebuilding the system. However, Nanavati (2002 p. 278) argued the core algorithms by means of which vendors locate and extract biometric data are very unlikely to be interoperable or standardized, the reason being that these algorithms represents the basis of most vendors intellectual property.Numerous reasons are responsible for the motivation towards standardization. These include the desire for reducing the overall cost of deploying biometrics technologies and optimize the reliability of biometric systems, to reduce the risk of deploying solutions to biometric problems, to ensure in the area of encryption and file format, that the basic building blocks of biometric data management have been developed based on best practice by industry professionals.Nanavati (2002 p. 278) concluded that standards ensure that, in the future, biometric technology will be developed and deployed in accordance with generally accredited principles of information techn ology.EXISTING BIOMETRIC STANDARDSShoniregun and Crosier (2008 p. 22) stated that the evolving interest and developments have made developments of standards a necessity with the sole aim of allowing compatibility of different systems. The detailed standards in the Biometrics Resource Centre (2002) report are summarised belowCommon Biometric Exchange File Format (CBEFF)The Common Biometric Exchange File Format (CBEFF) sets a standard for the data elements essential in supporting biometric technology in a common way irrespective of the application involved or the domain in use. It makes data interchange between systems and their components easier, while promoting interoperability applications, programs as well as systems based on biometrics.INCITS MI-Biometrics Technical CommitteeThe committee which was established by the decision maker Board of the International Committee for Information Technology standards (INCITS) with the responsibility to ensure a focused and reasonably compreh ensive approach in the United States for the rapid development and approval of previous national and international generic biometric standards (Shoniregun ad Crosier 2008, p. 22)BioAPI Specification (Version 1.1)The BioAPI standard defines the architecture for biometric systems integration in a oneness computer system. (Deravi 2008, p. 490). The Bio API specification has been one of the most popular standards efforts since it was formed in April 1998 according to Nanavati (2002, p. 279). Nnavati stated that the standard was formed to develop an API that is both widely current and widely available while being compatible with various biometric technologies.Other general standards available are Human Recognition Module (HRS), ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000, American fellowship for Motor Vehicle Administration and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) which specifies the acceptable security requirements necessary for effective management of biometric data especially for the financial se rvices industry.BRITISH BIOMETRICS STANDARDSThe British Standards Institution (BSI) commenced work in June 2004 on biometrics standards and since then, has published according to Shoniregun and Crosier (2008, p. 24) a set of four new BS ISO/IEC 19794 STANDARDS, reported to have covered the science of biometrics, and using biological characteristics in identifying individuals. The objective of publishing these standards is to promote interoperability between the several products in the market.BS ISO/IEC 19784-22007This standard defines the interface to an archive Biometric Function Provider (BFP). The interface assumes that the collected biometrics data will be managed as a database, irrespective of its physical realization. Crosier (2008, p. 24) defined the physical realization as smartcards, token, memory sticks, files on hard drives and any other kind of memory can be handled via an precis layer presenting a database interface.)BS ISO/IEC 19795-22006According to Shoniregun (2008, p. 25), this standard provides recommendations and requirements on collection of data, analysis as well as reporting specific to two types of military rating (scenario evaluation and technology evaluation). BS ISO/IEC 19795-22006 further specifies the requirements in the development and full description of protocols for scenario and technology evaluations and also, in executing and reporting biometric evaluations.BS ISO/IEC 24709-12007ISO/IEC 24709-12007 specifies the concepts, framework, test methods and criteria infallible to test conformity of biometric products claiming conformance to BioAPI (ISO/IEC 19784-1). (www.iso.org). Crosier (2008, p. 25) stated ISO/IEC 24709-12007 specifies three conformance testing models which allows conformance testing of each of the BioAPI components mainly a framework, an application and a BSP.BS ISO/IEC 24709-22007The standard BS ISO/IEC 247 defines a number of test assertions composed in the assertion language explicitly required in ISO/IEC 247 09-1. The assertions allow a user to test the conformance of any biometric server producer (BSP) that claims to be a conforming implementation of that International Standard to ISO/IEC 19784-1 (BioAPI 2.0) (www.iso.org).BIOMETRICS AND PRIVACYThe fact that biometric technologies are based on measuring physiological or behavioral and archiving these data has raised concerns on privacy risks, and also raised discussion on the role biometrics play when it comes to privacy. As stated by Nanavati (2002, p. 237), increase in the use of biometric technology in the public sector, workplace and even at home has raised the following questionsWhat are the main privacy concerns relating to biometric practice?What kinds of biometric deployments need stronger entertainions to avoid invading privacy?What biometric technologies are more prone to privacy-invasive usage?What kinds of entertainions are required to ensure biometrics are used in a non privacy-invasive way?Woodward (2003, p. 197) cite d President Clintons speech in his commencement address at Morgan State University in 1997 The right to privacy is one of our most cherished freedomsWe must develop new protections for privacy in the face of new proficient reality.Recently, Biometrics has been increasingly deployed to improve security and a very important tool to combat terrorism. Privacy issue is central to biometrics and many mess believe that deploying biometrics poses a considerable level of risk to human rights, even though some are of the opinion that biometrics actually protect privacy.Human factors influence the success of a biometric-based identification system to a great extent. The ease as well as comfort in fundamental interaction with a biometric system contributes to how people accept it.Jain, Ross and Prabhakar (2004 p. 24) stated an example of a biometric system being able to measure the characteristic of a users without touching, such as those using voice, face, or iris, and concluded that it ma y be perceived to be a more user-friendly and hygienic system by the users. They added that on the other hand, biometric characteristics not requiring user participation or interaction can be recorded without the knowledge of the user, and this is perceived as a threat to human privacy by many individuals.According to Sim (2009, p. 81), biometrics compared to other security technologies has significant impacts on users privacy (Civil Liberties). It can protect privacy when deployed in an appropriate look but when misused, it can result in loss of privacy.ADVANTAGES OF BIOMETRIC OVER TRADITIONAL METHODSPassword and PINs have been the most frequently used authentication method. Their use involves controlling access to a building or a room, securing access to computers, network, the applications on the personal computers and many more. In some higher security applications, handheld tokens such as key fobs and smart cards have been deployed. Due to some problems related to these metho ds, the suitability and reliability of these authentication technologies have been questioned especially in this modern world with modern applications. Biometrics offer some benefits compare to these authentication technologies.INCREASED SECURITYBiometric technology can provide a higher compass point of security compared to traditional authentication methods. Chirillo (2003 p. 2) stated that biometrics is preferred over traditional methods for many reasons which include the fact that the physical presence of the authorized person is required at the point of identification. This means that only the authorized person has access to the resources.Effort by people to manage several passwords has left many choosing easy or general words, with considerable number writing theAdvantages and Disadvantages of BiometricsAdvantages and Disadvantages of BiometricsABSTRACTOrganisations have goals and therefore acquire assets to ensure these goals are met and the continuity guaranteed. Financial s ector while trying to promote convenient methods such as online banking and use of ATM for their customers to access their money strives to ensure only the right person has access to the account. Also, military and national security services store high sensitive and critical information that must only be accessed by specific individual thereby deploying security measures to keep this tradition. However, achieving these goals largely depends on securing and controlling the assets as documented which means only authorised individuals have access to these environments and eventually the assets.Sequel to the importance of access control, different security techniques have been deployed to safeguard these assets which ranges from PINs and passwords, ID cards, smart card est. Vulnerabilities to these methods have lead to the recent surge in biometrics industry as many believe this is the future. Reasons such that the physical presence of the authorized person is needed at the point of acc ess and also, the fact that it is unique and almost impossible to duplicate emphasis the benefit of biometrics and explain its glooming popularity.However like any other security methods, biometrics has limitations and threats which can impact its effectiveness and efficiency. It is not suitable for every application and can be a very wrong choice for certain applications. Therefore, it is essential to manage these limitations and threats properly to enhance the success factor of biometrics. Finally, it is important for any sector deploying biometrics to understand the various issues associated with biometrics such as privacy, standards and what the law requires of biometrics.CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONOrganizations strive to secure their assets and provide means of controlling access to these assets. This process requires identification and authorization to ensure the right person is accessing the right asset. Over the years, traditional methods of authentication, mainly passwords and personal identification numbers (PINs) have been popularly used. Recently, swipe card and PINs have been deployed for more security since one is something you have and the latter something you know. However, these methods still have vulnerabilities as swipe card can be stolen. Also, bad management of passwords has left people writing them on papers and desks or simply choosing easy and general words for quick remembrance which expose the password to intruders. More recently, stronger identification and authorization technologies that can assure a person is who he claims to be are becoming prominent and biometrics can be classified to this category.Biometric technology makes use of a persons physiological or behavioral characteristics in identification. Every human being is unique in nature and possesses physical parts completely different from any other person. The phratry 11, 2001 terrorist attack did not help security concerns as governments and organizations all around the world especially the border security agencies have greatly embraced this human recognition technology. As both private and public entities continue to search for a more reliable identification and authentication methods, biometrics has been the choice and considered the future.WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?Biometrics refers to the automatic identifications of a person based on his or her physiological or behavioral characteristics (Chirillo and Blaul 2003, p. 2). It is an authorization method that verifies or identifies a user based on what they are before authorizing access. The search for a more reliable authorization method to secure assets has lead to the revelation of biometrics and many organizations have shown interest in the technology.Two main types of biometrics have been used mainly physical and behavioral. A physical biometrics is a part of a persons body while, a behavioral biometric is something that a person does (Lockie 2002, p. 8). He added that although there are some more unusual biometrics which may be used in the future, including a persons unique smell, the shape of their ear or even the way they talk, the main biometrics being measured include fingerprints, hand geometry, retina scan, iris scan, facial location or recognition (all physical), voice recognition, signature, keystroke pattern and gait (Behavioral). However, it has been argued by Liu and Silverman (2001) that different applications require different biometrics as there is no supreme or best biometric technology.HISTORY OF BIOMETRICSAccording to Chirillo and Blaul (2003, p. 3) the term biometrics is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). China is among the first known to practice biometrics back in the fourteenth century as reported by the Portuguese historian Joao de Barros. It was called member-printing where the childrens palms as well as the footprints were stamped on paper with ink to identify each baby. Alphonse Bertillon, a Paris based anthropologist and polic e desk clerk was trying to find a way of identifying convicts in the 1890s refractory to research on biometrics. He came up with measuring body lengths and was relevant till it was proved to be prone to error as many people shared the same measurement. The police started using fingerprinting developed based on the Chinese methods used century before by Richard Edward Henry, who was working at the Scotland Yard.Raina, Orlans and Woodward (2003, p. 25-26) stated references to biometrics as a concept could be traced back to over a thousand years in East Asia where potters placed their fingerprints on their wares as an early form of brand identity. They also pointed Egypts Nile Valley where traders were formally identified based on physical characteristics such as eye color, skin color and also height. The information were used by merchant to identify trusted traders whom they had successfully transacted business with in the past. Kapil et al also made references to the Bible, first po inting to the combine Gileadites had in their biometric system as reported in The Book of Judges (125-6) that the men of Gilead identified enemy in their midst by making suspect Ephraimites say Shibboleth for they could not pronounce it right. The second reference is to The Book of Genesis (2711-28) where Jacob pretended to be Esau by putting goat skins on his detainment and back of his neck so his skin would feel hairy to his blind, aged fathers touch. This illustrates a case of biometric spoofing and false acceptance. They finally wrote Biometrics as a commercial, modern technology has been around since the early 1970s when the first commercially available device was brought to market (p. 26).HOW BIOMETRICS SYSTEMS WORKA biometric system is essentially a pattern-recognition system that makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristics possessed by the user (Blaul 2003, p.3). Biometrics has so far been develo ped to work in two ways mainly verification and identification.Verification systems are designed to give answer to the question, Am I who I claim to be? by requiring that a user claim an identity in order for a biometric comparison to be performed. The user provides data, which is then compared to his or her enrolled biometric data. Identification systems gives answer to the question, who am I? and do not require a user to claim an identity as the provided biometric data is compared to data from a number of users to find a match (Nanavati 2002, p. 12).An illustration of a scenario using an identifying biometrics system is given below and thence gives an answer to the question Who am I?In October 1998 in the United Kingdom, Newham Council introduced face recognition software to 12 town centre cameras with the sole purpose of decreasing street robbery. Images are compared against a police database of over 100 convicted street robbers known to be active in the previous 12 weeks. In Au gust 2001, 527,000 separate faces were detected and operators confirmed 90 matches against the database. Where a face is not identified with any in the database, the image is deleted if a match is found a human operator checks the result. The introduction of face recognition technology to Newham city centre saw a 34% decrease in street robbery. The system has not led directly to any arrests, which suggests that its effect is largely due to the deterrence/displacement of crime. The face recognition system has been widely advertize by the council and 93% of residents support its introduction (Postnote Nov 2001, p. 1).The case study below illustrates a verifying biometrics system and supply answers to the question Am I who I claim to be?The US Immigration and Naturalization Service Passenger Accelerated Service System (INSPASS) has been introduced at eight airports in order to provide a quick immigration processing for authorised frequent flyers entering the US and Canada. On arrival at an airport, a traveller inserts a card that carries a record of their hand geometry into the INSPASS kiosk and places their hand on a biometric reader. A computer cross-references the information stored on the card at adaptation with the live hand geometry scan. The complete process takes less than 30 seconds. If the scans match, the traveller can proceed to customs if not, travellers are referred to an Immigration Inspector. There are more than 45,000 active INSPASS users with, on average, 20,000 automated immigration inspections conducted each month (Postnote Nov 2001, p. 1).Verifying system is often referred to as a one-to-one process and generally takes less processing time compared to the identifying systems. This is due to the fact that in identifying systems, a user is compared to all users in the database (one-to-many). Verifying systems are also more accurate since they only have to match a users data against his or her stored data and do not need hundreds, thousands or even millions of comparisons like the identifying systems. However, it is important for an organization to descend the type appropriate for the applications.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe research methodology designed for this dissertation is mainly the qualitative approach. A quantitative approach has been overlooked due to limited time as designing surveys, distribution take time and response time could not be predicted. Therefore, my effort will be difficult on critically reviewing previous literatures in order to acquire an overview of, and intakes on the topic. For more details, Journals, Books, Publications, Documentaries and previous dissertations related to the topic will be reviewed, compared and analyzed. The objectives will be achieved by purely reviewing literatures and previous researches and the literatures critically analyzed by comparing information obtained from different sources. Findings, recommendations and conclusions will be made from the analysis.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe aim of this research is to critically analyse biometric security as an emerging and booming industry by examining the positives and negatives and providing ways of improving the method effectively and most importantly efficiently. Since biometrics applies to many applications, access control will be the main focus of this dessertation. Also, issues such as privacy, laws governing biometrics and standards will be examined.The main objectives of this research areTo review biometric security and issues related to it.To evaluate the threats, advantages and disadvantages of biometrics.To propose ways of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of biometrics from previous researches.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE palingenesisThis chapter is aimed at critically reviewing and analysis of numerous works of researchers in the area of biometrics, threats to biometrics, advantages and disadvantages and ways of improving biometrics efficiency in access control. The effect of privacy (human rig hts) and the need to conform to biometrics standards will also be examined and reviewed.DEFINITION OF BIOMETRICSAccording to Jain, Ross and Pankanti (2006, p. 125), one great concern in our vastly unite society is establishing identity. Systems need to know Is he who he claims he is, Is she authorized to use this resource? or simply who is this?Therefore, a wide range of systems require reliable personal recognition schemes to either verify or identify of an individual seeking access to their services. The purpose of that scheme is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed by only the authorized and not any intruder or imposer (Ross 2004, p. 1).Biometric recognition, or simply biometrics, refers to the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological and, or behavioral characteristics (Jain, 2004 p. 1).Woodward (2003, p. 27) cited biometric industry guru Ben Millers 1987 biometric definition Biometric technologies are automated methods of verifying or recog nizing the identity of a living person based on a physical or behavioral characteristic.Shoniregun and Crosier (2008, p. 10) provided several definitions of biometrics which includeBiometrics is the development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological science.Biometrics = identification/verification of persons based on the unique physiological or behavioral features of humans.Biometrics is the measurement and matching of biological characteristics such as fingerprint images, hand geometry, facial recognition, etc.Biometrics is strongly linked to a stored identity to the physical person.Nevertheless the various definitions, it can be seen that the science of biometrics is based on the fact that no two people are the same and this has a significant influence on its reliability and success factor.THE BIOMETRICS INDUSTRYAccording to Lockie (2002, p. 10), the biometric industry did not really get established until the middle of the tw entieth century. The researchers at that particular time were investigating whether various human parts and characteristics, such as the iris or the voice, could be used to identify an individual. This was made public by publishing papers and as a considerable number of these strands of research began to form a piece, the biometrics industry as we know it these days was established.As organization search for more secure authentication methods for user access, e-commerce, and other security applications, biometrics is gaining increasing attention (Liu 2001, p.27).Higgins, Orlan and Woodward (2003, p. xxiii ), emphasized that even though biometrics have not become an essential part of all systems requiring controlled access, the emerging industry has come a long way from its modern founding in 1972 with the installation of a commercial finger measurement device on Wall Street. He made reference to the highly respected MIT Technology Review called biometrics one of the top ten emerging technologies that will change the world.The growth in biometric industries is reflected in the numbers. The trio cited Rick Noton, the executive director of the International Biometric Industry connecter (IBIA), who reported in the Biometrics 2002 Conference in London, United Kingdom, that the industrys trade association has indicated the surge in biometric revenues over recent years. From $20 million in 1996, it has increased to $200 million in 2001 and Norton believes they will increase as the years pass on significantly in 5 years time.Also, a forecast made by the International Biometric Group (IBG), which is a biometric consulting and integration firm located in New York City, estimate that biometric revenues totaled $399 million in 2000 and will increase to $1.9 billion by 2005. Both IBIA and IBG believe that the private sector will be responsible for much of the growth. These give evidence of the relevance of biometrics in organizations in modern times.BIOMETRICS AND ACCESS CONTROLOver the years, biometrics has evolved rapidly and many vertical markets such as governments, transport, financial sectors, security, public justice and safety, healthcare and many more have adopted biometrics. Due to this wide range of users, biometrics has been deployed to many applications.Biometrics has been of high benefit to organization as they seek a reliable security method to safeguard assets. Fully understanding how biometrics work, it can be said that the last-ditch aim of applying biometrics in the vertical markets listed above is to control access to a resource irrespective of the system used whether a verifying or an identifying processIt has been stated by S. Nanavati, Thieme and R. Nanavati (2002, p. 14), that biometric systems are deployed for two primary purposes which are physical and logical access.LOGICAL VERSUS PHYSICAL ACCESSPhysical access systems monitors, restricts, or grant movement of a person or object into or out of a specific area (Thieme 200 2, p. 14). This could be implemented to control entry into rooms or even the main building. Popular examples are control towers, bank vaults, server rooms and many other sensitive rooms requiring controlled access. In physical access, biometrics replaces the use of keys, PIN codes access cards and security guards although any of these could be combined with biometrics as a complementation. Common physical access application is time and attendance.Thieme also gave a definition of logical access systems as one that monitor, restrict or grant access to data or information listing examples such as logging into a PC, accessing data stored on a network, accessing an account, or authenticating a transaction. In this case, biometrics replaces and can be designed to complement PINs, passwords and also tokens.Basic biometric functionality precisely acquiring and comparing of biometric data is often identical in both physical and logical systems. For example, the same iris scan data can be use d for both doorway and desktop applications. Thieme explained that the only difference between the two is the remote system into which the biometric functionality is integrated. The biometric functionality is integrated into a larger system. This applies for both physical and logical access system and actions such as access to any desktop application or access to a room via a doorway are effected by a biometric match.However, not every system can be classified as physical or logical access as the end result does not indicate access to data or a physical location and the result therefore may be to investigate more. An ATM secured by biometrics allows access to money, a physical entity. This is made possible by allowing the user logical access to his or her data. In the example above, the application is even difficult to classify as either physical or logical.Thieme (2002, p. 15) suggested that the distinction between physical and logical access systems is a valuable tool in understa nding biometric. He noted that key criteria such accuracy, pullout procedures, privacy requirements, costs, response time and complexity of integration all vary effectively when moving from logical to physical access.WHAT ARE BIOMETRIC STANDARDSStapleton (2003, p. 167) defined a standard in a general term as a published document, developed by a recognized authority, which defines a set of policies and practices, technical or security requirements, techniques or mechanisms, or describes some other abstract concept or model. The growth of the biometric industry has been relatively slowed by the absence of industry wide standards and this has also impeded various types of biometric deployment. Nanavati (2002, p. 277) stated that the relative youth of the technology in use, coupled with the disunified nature of the industry, has impacted the developments of standards resulting in a sporadic and frequently redundant standards. Nanavati also noted that the live-scan fingerprint imaging i s the only segment of biometric industry with widely real and adopted standards. Due to this absence of biometric standards, some institutions have been concerned of being tied into technologies they actually believed as not mature or even developmental.However in an effort to actively address the standards issue, the biometric industry has finalized some blueprints and the process of getting industries to accept these standards is ongoingWHY IS STANDARDIZATION NECESSARY?The high rate of biometric development and rapid growth in credence of biometric technologies in recent years has resulted in ever-increasing levels of what is expected in terms of accuracy, adaptability, and reliability in an ever-wider range of applications. Due to the adoption of biometric technologies in large-scale national and international applications, involving a potentially unlimited range of stakeholders, Farzin Deravi (2008, p. 483) stated that it has become essential to address these expectations by e nsuring agreed common frameworks for implementation and evaluation of biometric technologies through standardization activities.Majority of biometric systems, including both the hardware and software are made and sold by the owner of the patent at this stage in their development. They are being proprietary in numerous aspects including the manner in which biometric devices and systems as a whole communicate with applications, the method of extracting features from a biometric sample, and among many more, the method of storing and retrieving biometric data. This resulted in many companies in most cases, being wedded to a particular technology, once they agree to implement that particular technology. Nanavati (2002, p. 278) stated that in order to incorporated a new technology, the companies are required to rebuild their system from scratch upward, and in some cases duplicating much of the deployment effort.Deravi (2008 p. 483) noted that the need for interoperability of biometric sys tems across national boundaries has implied a rapid escalation of standardization efforts to the international arena, stating that the sense of urgency for the need for standardization has been the priority of internal security concerns.The industry wide or universal adoption of biometric standard will not make biometric technology interoperable at least, to the state where an old device can be replaced by a new device without rebuilding the system. However, Nanavati (2002 p. 278) argued the core algorithms through which vendors locate and extract biometric data are very unlikely to be interoperable or standardized, the reason being that these algorithms represents the basis of most vendors intellectual property.Numerous reasons are responsible for the motivation towards standardization. These include the desire for reducing the overall cost of deploying biometrics technologies and optimize the reliability of biometric systems, to reduce the risk of deploying solutions to biometric problems, to ensure in the area of encryption and file format, that the basic building blocks of biometric data management have been developed based on best practice by industry professionals.Nanavati (2002 p. 278) concluded that standards ensure that, in the future, biometric technology will be developed and deployed in accordance with generally accepted principles of information technology.EXISTING BIOMETRIC STANDARDSShoniregun and Crosier (2008 p. 22) stated that the evolving interest and developments have made developments of standards a necessity with the sole aim of allowing compatibility of different systems. The detailed standards in the Biometrics Resource Centre (2002) report are summarised belowCommon Biometric Exchange File Format (CBEFF)The Common Biometric Exchange File Format (CBEFF) sets a standard for the data elements essential in supporting biometric technology in a common way irrespective of the application involved or the domain in use. It makes data interchange between systems and their components easier, while promoting interoperability applications, programs as well as systems based on biometrics.INCITS MI-Biometrics Technical CommitteeThe committee which was established by the administrator Board of the International Committee for Information Technology standards (INCITS) with the responsibility to ensure a focused and reasonably comprehensive approach in the United States for the rapid development and approval of previous national and international generic biometric standards (Shoniregun ad Crosier 2008, p. 22)BioAPI Specification (Version 1.1)The BioAPI standard defines the architecture for biometric systems integration in a wholeness computer system. (Deravi 2008, p. 490). The Bio API specification has been one of the most popular standards efforts since it was formed in April 1998 according to Nanavati (2002, p. 279). Nnavati stated that the standard was formed to develop an API that is both widely accepted and widely available w hile being compatible with various biometric technologies.Other general standards available are Human Recognition Module (HRS), ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000, American fellowship for Motor Vehicle Administration and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) which specifies the acceptable security requirements necessary for effective management of biometric data especially for the financial services industry.BRITISH BIOMETRICS STANDARDSThe British Standards Institution (BSI) commenced work in June 2004 on biometrics standards and since then, has published according to Shoniregun and Crosier (2008, p. 24) a set of four new BS ISO/IEC 19794 STANDARDS, reported to have covered the science of biometrics, and using biological characteristics in identifying individuals. The objective of publishing these standards is to promote interoperability between the several products in the market.BS ISO/IEC 19784-22007This standard defines the interface to an archive Biometric Function Provider (BFP). The interface assumes that the collected biometrics data will be managed as a database, irrespective of its physical realization. Crosier (2008, p. 24) defined the physical realization as smartcards, token, memory sticks, files on hard drives and any other kind of memory can be handled via an generalization layer presenting a database interface.)BS ISO/IEC 19795-22006According to Shoniregun (2008, p. 25), this standard provides recommendations and requirements on collection of data, analysis as well as reporting specific to two types of evaluation (scenario evaluation and technology evaluation). BS ISO/IEC 19795-22006 further specifies the requirements in the development and full description of protocols for scenario and technology evaluations and also, in executing and reporting biometric evaluations.BS ISO/IEC 24709-12007ISO/IEC 24709-12007 specifies the concepts, framework, test methods and criteria required to test conformity of biometric products claiming conformance to BioAPI (I SO/IEC 19784-1). (www.iso.org). Crosier (2008, p. 25) stated ISO/IEC 24709-12007 specifies three conformance testing models which allows conformance testing of each of the BioAPI components mainly a framework, an application and a BSP.BS ISO/IEC 24709-22007The standard BS ISO/IEC 247 defines a number of test assertions composed in the assertion language explicitly required in ISO/IEC 24709-1. The assertions allow a user to test the conformance of any biometric server producer (BSP) that claims to be a conforming implementation of that International Standard to ISO/IEC 19784-1 (BioAPI 2.0) (www.iso.org).BIOMETRICS AND PRIVACYThe fact that biometric technologies are based on measuring physiological or behavioral and archiving these data has raised concerns on privacy risks, and also raised discussion on the role biometrics play when it comes to privacy. As stated by Nanavati (2002, p. 237), increase in the use of biometric technology in the public sector, workplace and even at home ha s raised the following questionsWhat are the main privacy concerns relating to biometric usage?What kinds of biometric deployments need stronger protections to avoid invading privacy?What biometric technologies are more prone to privacy-invasive usage?What kinds of protections are required to ensure biometrics are used in a non privacy-invasive way?Woodward (2003, p. 197) cited President Clintons speech in his commencement address at Morgan State University in 1997 The right to privacy is one of our most cherished freedomsWe must develop new protections for privacy in the face of new technological reality.Recently, Biometrics has been increasingly deployed to improve security and a very important tool to combat terrorism. Privacy issue is central to biometrics and many people believe that deploying biometrics poses a considerable level of risk to human rights, even though some are of the opinion that biometrics actually protect privacy.Human factors influence the success of a biomet ric-based identification system to a great extent. The ease as well as comfort in interaction with a biometric system contributes to how people accept it.Jain, Ross and Prabhakar (2004 p. 24) stated an example of a biometric system being able to measure the characteristic of a users without touching, such as those using voice, face, or iris, and concluded that it may be perceived to be a more user-friendly and hygienic system by the users. They added that on the other hand, biometric characteristics not requiring user participation or interaction can be recorded without the knowledge of the user, and this is perceived as a threat to human privacy by many individuals.According to Sim (2009, p. 81), biometrics compared to other security technologies has significant impacts on users privacy (Civil Liberties). It can protect privacy when deployed in an appropriate manner but when misused, it can result in loss of privacy.ADVANTAGES OF BIOMETRIC OVER TRADITIONAL METHODSPassword and PINs have been the most frequently used authentication method. Their use involves controlling access to a building or a room, securing access to computers, network, the applications on the personal computers and many more. In some higher security applications, handheld tokens such as key fobs and smart cards have been deployed. Due to some problems related to these methods, the suitability and reliability of these authentication technologies have been questioned especially in this modern world with modern applications. Biometrics offer some benefits compare to these authentication technologies.INCREASED SECURITYBiometric technology can provide a higher percentage point of security compared to traditional authentication methods. Chirillo (2003 p. 2) stated that biometrics is preferred over traditional methods for many reasons which include the fact that the physical presence of the authorized person is required at the point of identification. This means that only the authorized person ha s access to the resources.Effort by people to manage several passwords has left many choosing easy or general words, with considerable number writing the

Looking At Internet Crimes Against Children Media Essay

Looking At lucre Crimes Against Children Media EssayThe cyberspace is a fundamental resource that get outs adults and children with opportunities for learning, entertainment and communication. But how hard is it to use the meshing? Any child that is old enough to find a letter on a keyboard cig atomic number 18t access the World Wide Web. New technologies provide number of ways to communicate, and youth of today constitute mastered those techniques.The world of computers and internet is constantly expanding and changing, and it is not unusual if a child might whap more around some softw be or website than a parent. But, the truth is that a child does not know that one of these technologies might have a negative impact on his/her moral values and behavior. As great of a resource as internet is, sometimes it might be utilise for illegal activities such as sexual exploitation, harassment, and smut. The sad thing is that the victims of these activities are mostly children. T hats why in this research paper, I am going to accent on internet crimes against children, measures that should be taken to prevent these crimes, and punishment for those who commit them. crock and Children as a TargetFirst of all, how often are children unresolved to sexually graphic material on the internet? Unfortunately, any child that has access to the internet may come in shock with sexually explicit material. They do not even have to know the name of the URL of the website to view pornography on the internet. Most of the youth today are acquainted(predicate) with search engines such as google and yahoo, and it is really simple to type in something that might contain sexually explicit words and get at to the lowest degree ten thousand results in return.The study of adolescents ages fourteen to seventeen has been done, and it shows that most of the children came to exposure to pornographic material accidentally or un knowledgeablely. somewhattimes they would get e-mails with link up to unknown or un old(prenominal) websites, and out of curiosity they would click on the link, which brought them to a page that contained pornographic material.Some exposures to the pornographic material are intentional and are done mostly by teens in puberty with the purpose of pleasure. So how often do children view pornographic material on the internet? An online survey was carried out which included 500 students, and 72.8 share reported that they viewed sexually explicit material on the internet before the age of eighteen. Most children that measuredly viewed pornography in on the web in the past are resemblingly to do it again almost every time they get a chance. This happens when parents are not around, and it even happens in random places that have computers and access to the internet such as public schools and libraries.Impact of Online Pornographic Material on ChildrenIt influences the moral values and sexual attitudes of youth. It changes the way children think about sex. They start perceiving sex only as pleasure, not thinking about consequences that might purloin such as unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Children that view pornography are more likely to become sexually active in front that children that do not.One of the ethical issues that arises is questioning if pornography should exist on the web or not, since it obviously has a negative impact on youth. Well, in this case the three of workable ethical theories could be applied to analyze the problem, and decide ifhaving pornographic material on the internet is fair. Lets look at Kantians 2ndFormulation of categoric Imperative, which states that plurality should never treat other people as a instrument to an end. So when a unseasoned website is uploaded to the server, people are not pressure to view that website. Since no one is forced to do so, it buns be said that in this case people are not beingness utilize as a means to an end. But, here we ar e talking about children and youth as victims of being exposed to sexually explicit material on the Web. Well, thats up to the parents to take contribution and get familiar with activities that their children are doing online.We can also apply Utilitarianism to analyze the issue of pornography on the internet. First of all, we have to consider who benefits and who is being harmed by presence of pornographic material on the Web. Porn industry has great benefits from their websites being available to the people on the internet. For them, it is a way advertising their products and making money as well. There are also a lot of adults who benefit from it because they view it for their pleasure. Children and youth are being harmed by their actions because sexually explicit material influences their moral values and sexual attitudes. In this case its hard to tell if there are more people who benefit then people who are being harmed by presence of pornography on the Web. On the other hand, it is easy to tell that there are greater benefits on pornographic material being on the internet. Utilitarianism does not mean the good of the greatest number, therefore having pornography on the Web is fair.at once lets look at Social Contract Theory, and how it approaches having pornographic material on the internet. Most of the pornography pages now days have their policy listed for users before they can access the page. It has the terms of use, and users have a choice to exit if they have any obligations. At the bottom of any pornography page, there is a archetype that urges users to exit the page if they are under the age of eighteen. So this is one of the ways for porn industry to guard themselves against any opposition and illegal activities. Having the process of monition label, they are following the US law, which gives them legal rights to upload their websites to the server. So according to the Social Contract theory, it is acceptable to have pornography containing ma terial on the internet.Pornography on the internet is not the only issue that arises with easy accessibility to the World Wide Web. Whats more of an issue is that some people are use the Web for sexual exploitation.Online Sexual ExploitationEasy access to the internet has led to increased exposure of children to online sexual exploitation exposure of children to online predators. Most of the children that are victims of online sexual exploitation are under the age of seventeen. A year-long survey has been conducted in 2001, which analyzed 129 Internet-initiated sex crimes. It regard victims age seventeen or younger, and it undercoat that 74 percent of those victims actually met with the predator. What is even more heartbreaking is that 93 percent of those occurred meetings involved sexual contact. Are girls and boys equally exposed to online sexual exploitation? It was assumed that girls are at higher risk and are more likely to fall victims to online sexual exploitation than bo ys. Well, this turned out to be authentic confirming that seventy-five percent of victims included in the survey from 2001 were girls.Online maraudersToday there are more ways than ever to find a mate, but sometimes search for love can be devastating. When it comes to authority of meeting new mates, nothing compares to the internet. Most of the time, the danger of this modern way of dating can be ignored. There are also situations where people involved in online dating might be in it for love. Well, these people are known to our company as online predators. So where do online predators come from, and is it easy to tell who might be online predator by their physical appearance? Online predators come in incompatible shapes and sizes, and have different expectations from their victims. Social status does not matter when it comes to determining who might a potential online predator. They come from all backgrounds, and are not tardily detectable. They might seem like respectable m embers of the community, which of course can be deceiving to many of us. Who would ever come to thinking that an online predator might be a teacher, fireman, physician, former army personnel or a successful businessman, but the cases of these have been reported.A reality television show To Catch a Predator was featured on NBC, and there was an episode where a high school teacher, caught on hidden cameras, showed up to a meeting, which he thought he pose with an under aged girl. There was no under aged involved, instead police officer was posing as a thirteen year old. He was caught and trialed thanks to the effort of the police and enough evidence collected by hidden cameras. There was also one case were a former military officer was involved in online sexual exploitation. He was also caught and sentenced to serve time in jail. Most of the time when online predators get caught they are publically rugged and sentenced to prison time. The prison time depends on the severity of the case, and it ranges from two to twelve years. Some predators were just placed on probations because they did not make sexual contact with their victims, but did set up the meeting which they never showed up to. They were also ordered to pay a big fine.Bullying and Harassment on the InternetCommunication technologies such as social-networking websites like MySpace and Facebook have led to rapid growth of teens harassing their peers. In 2005, a survey was conducted, and it has been found that almost thirty percent of youth have harassed their peers via the internet. Seventeen percent of those have harassed the others multiple number of times. The survey was also done with the purpose to show the incidence of children being bullied on cyberspace. It showed that thirty-two percent of 900 teens under the age of seventeen have been harassed when victimization MySpace, Facebook or instant messaging. What is heartbreaking is that cyber-bullying may make pass to a tragic end sometimes. A 13 year old girl committed suicide after being cyber-bullied by her neighbor who untrue to be a teenage boy. It turned out that he was an adult, and of course he had to pay for his actions.Measures Parents are taking to prevent Their Children from Internet CrimesAlthough kids feel like they are aware of dangers of using the internet, in reality, they are naive when it comes to online communications. The following are measures that parents should take to prevent their children from becoming a victim. Parents need to become familiar with their childrens online activities. There is software that comes with Windows 7 and Windows Vista, or that can be downloaded for free such as Windows Live Family Safety Setting. Most of the social-networking sites have policies that require users to be thirteen years or older. If a child is not old enough to fulfill that requirement, parents should not let them use it. Some parents educate their kids about the dangers of online chatting, and set certain expectations from their children. Many parents are taking part in becoming familiar with who their kids talk to when they use chat retinue. They are also educating their children to dumbfound in public areas of chat room since many chat rooms allow for one on one communication in chat rooms private area. Parents are also encouraged to keep their computers in most common areas of the house so that they can monitor their kids when theyre online.Since there are potential risks of email, many parents are setting up family emails, which their kids can use as well. This is one of the ways to protect their kids from being exposed to pornographic material contained in emails. They also urge their kids not to open any unknown emails reducing the risk of internet related crimes. Some also have passwords to their childrens social networking sites, which enables them to fit in the messages. There are options which allow parents to use parental controls, and other setting and preferences. An other way of monitoring that same parents use are is spy software. A Spybot by Brickhouse Security was advertised on CNN, which enables parents to monitor everything their children do on the internet. Its easy to install, undetectable, and the kids will never know its there.Internet Crimes against Children and Law EnforcementThe expansion of the computers and internet has played a major role in sex crimes being committed against children and youth. The new communication technologies created new challenges for Law Enforcement to come up with new investigation techniques, and handle the crimes done on internet. The federal goernment has increased funding in the effort to prevent internet related crimes. They created Internet Crimes Against Children travail Force, which supports state and local law enforcement agencies in fight against internet crimes. Internet crimes are divided into three categories. Internet Crimes Against Identified Victims, which involves production of child porn ography and other internet related crimes committed against identified victims. Then there Internet Crimes Against Unidentified Victims, which involves undercover law enforcement posing as minors in chat rooms. And the third category of internet crimes deals with offenders who are involved in possession, trade or distribution of Internet Child Pornography not using the internet to sexually exploit identified victims or solicit undercover investigators.Most of the arrests are made against offenders who commit crimes against identified victims. Sixty-seven percent of the arrests involved offenders who possessed child pornography. Eighty-three percent had images of children mostly ages 6 to 12, and 80 percent of those images showed sexual contact between minors and adults. Majority of offenders were non-Hispanic white males over 25 years of age. Eighty-five percent of arrests involved state, local or county law enforcement agencies, 46 percent had agencies operating on federal level.Mo ral oral sex Related to Online Predators and Law EnforcementIs it ok for Law Enforcement Agencies to set up traps in which online predators can fall into? According to all three workable ethical theories, it is ok for law enforcement to pose as minors in order to press stud a predator. Minors are being used as a means to an end since predators introduce themselves as cute teenage boys. Minors do not benefit from these kinds of actions, and they get to live with the fact that they were sexually abused by an adult. On the other hand, predators get pleasure from these actions. So there is greater bad than good in it. Social Contract Theory approves actions of law enforcement because they are dealing with someone who shows up to the meeting ad forces a minor into something that they do not want to do.As we could see, Internet use has become widespread. Some use with the purpose of sexual exploitation of children and distribution of child pornography, while some use it to harass their peers. These kinds of activities have created concerns among parents, lawmakers, educators and law enforcement agencies. Parents have taken part in educating their children about dangers of internet crimes. Despite all these measures, internet crimes against children are still present, and law enforcement agencies are operating on local, state and federal levels to catch those committing these crimes, and preventing internet related crimes from happening as well.

The Comanche Helicopter Program Essay -- The Armed Forces

In 1983 the United States began a program to upgrade the aging fleet of U.S. Army helicopters. What was initially known as the Light Helicopter Experimental (LHX), in April 1991 the LHX program would become the Reconnaissance Attack Helicopter (RAH-66). The program was initially designed to supersede all light helicopters in the Army fleet, however, this was reduced to a more attainable goal of replacing the AH-1, OH-58, and OH-6 helicopters. This program greatly enhanced the capabilities of the commander on the battlefield of the future.1 The helicopter of the future would far outclass any helicopter on the planet boasting capabilities like fly by wire controls, stealth, greater maneuverability, greater speed, and far reaching technological capabilities making it the quarterback of the digital battlefield-. What the Comanche program quickly turned into was an over budget, behind schedule, government vomit that was being built to combat an enemy that no longer existed. Technolo gical advances found through the 6.9 billion dollars spent on the Comanche have yielded some improvements to the veritable fleet of Army helicopters (block III Apache), however, it could be argued that the Comanche project simply drained the legions and held back the advancement of the current fleet. 2 Twenty years later on the birth of the LHX, the United States had invested 6.9 Billion dollars and had two RAH-66 helicopters to show for it. In 2003, with the war on terrorism kicking off, President George W. Bush cancelled the Comanche program to advance equip the U.S. Military for the fight that was ongoing. HistoryU.S. strategy in 1983 toward the Cold War with the U.S.S.R. was to simply out spend the Soviet Union in the military sector. The... ...ng, Defense Media Network, December 16, 2010, www.defensemedianetwork.com3.NATOs Nations and Partners for Peace, Comanche Terminated, Air Power, 20044.Pelletier, A.J. Bell Model 406/OH-58D Kiowa Warrior, Avia Star, www.aviastar.org /helicopters_eng/bell_warrior.php, 19925.U.S. section of Defense News Transcript. Briefing on the Restructure and Revitalization of Army Aviation, February 23, 20046.Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. Financial Management of the RAH 66 Comanche Helicopter Program, August 6, 19987.Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General, Acquisition Management of the RAH-66 Comanche, whitethorn 12, 20038.Wayne, Leslie. Pentagon Says it Plans to Kill Copter Program, The New York Times, February 24, 20049.Werthman, Robert W, Col.. The Comanche Helicopter Program A Strategic Policy Failure, March 30, 2007

A Day as a Physical Therapy Volunteer :: Community Service, Service Learning

As usual, John is late. Because the other two Physical Therapists (PTs) are busy on their rounds, I just wait, sitting on the therapy tables reading the assorted pamphlets that are available to the patients. Every part of the body is represented in these books on the shelf. A fragile humming sound comes from the air conditioner. The freshly waxed tile floor reflects the light that shines from the ceiling tract lights.Since I am a volunteer, the lowest on the totem pole of health care, I have no specific duties. Mainly, I observe the work of the PTs. I also assist in cleaning the righteous therapy room. As I wash down the tables with ammonia, trying not to inhale too many fumes, a Dr. Riddel is paged over the hospital intercom. Then someone else is paged, doubting Thomas Lykins to front desk. Thomas Lykins to front desk. Front desk actually means office, and usually social workers are paged to clear up some problem.I also origination the linen closet. Every patient who lies on the big brown therapy table has to be on a sheet with at least 2 or 3 towels nearby. The towels feel rough and course from years and years of reuse. Everything gets the ammonia treatment, including the currency parallel bars, the whirlpool and the giant rubber secondary school balls that are utilise with patients who have bad backs.Suddenly, the door swings open and all of the sounds from the nearby emergency room flood into the room. John has returned from his lunch break. He brings a patient to the gym to work on the bars. Hunched in her wheelchair, staring at the ground, her gray hair a mess, she shakes slightly. I think, Cant the PTs feel the coldness in this room? Maybe their white lab coats keep them warm.John says, Paige, this is Mrs. Meyer. She is going to walk the bars today. He asks, Arent you, Mrs. Meyer?All that Mrs. Meyer can do is croak Yes, I hope. Mrs. Meyer had a stroke, her second. John tells me privately so that she cant hear. She seems to be in a state of confusi on about where she is and who we are.John wheels Mrs. Meyer to the silver parallel bars and helps her substantiate. Slowly talking very quietly, he assures her that he will not let her fall, if she cant balance herself. I stand behind her, as instructed by John.